Louis II le Begue _____

Louis blev gift med Ansgard _____, of Burgundy i feb. 856. Ansgard blev født før 850; døde efter 863. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Louis blev gift med Adelaide _____, of Paris før 878. Adelaide (datter af Adelhard _____, of Paris) blev født cirka 855; døde efter 901. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

1. Irmentrud _____, of the West Franks blev født før 879; døde i UNKNOWN.
2. Karl III _____, of the West Franks blev født i 879; døde den 7 okt. 929 i Peronne.

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Ane-nr.: note

Notater:

Charles II the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor, King of France was born in 823in Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany. Died on 6 Oct 877 in Avrieux, Dauphine,France. Charles II (Holy Roman Empire), called The Bald (823-77), HolyRoman emperor (875-77), and, as Charles I, king of France (843-77), bornin Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany. He was the fourth son of Holy RomanEmperor Louis I; his mother, Louis's second wife, was Judith of Bavaria.

Judith's determination to secure a kingdom for her only son led to civilwar with Louis's other two surviving sons, Holy Roman Emperor Lothair Iand King Louis II of Germany. The war ended with the signing of theTreaty of Verdun in 843. Charles received the western portion of theempire, which from this time may be called the kingdom of France, or theWest Frankish Kingdom.

Charles was a weak ruler; the great nobles were rapidly becomingindependent, and the Vikings pillaged the country without meeting muchresistance from Charles, who preferred to buy them off. Nevertheless,when Holy Roman Emperor Louis II died in 875, Charles received theimperial crown through the favor of Pope John VIII. Charles was succeededas king of France by his son, Louis II (846-79), but the imperial thronewas vacant until 881.

He married Ermentrude d'Orleans. Ermentrude d'Orleans was born on 27 Sep830 in France. Died on 6 Oct 869 in Saint-Denis, Seine, Ile-de-France,France.

They had the following children:

+38 i. Louis II King of France, the Stammerer

Charles blev gift med Irmentrude _____, of Orleans den 13 dec. 842. Irmentrude (datter af Eudes _____, of Orleans og Ingeltrud _____) blev født cirka 830 i Orléans, Neustria, West Francia (France); døde den 6 okt. 869 i Saint-Denis, Neustria, West (France). [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Ane-nr.: d-note

Notater:

Louis I Holy Roman Emperor,King of France,Germany,Aquitane was born inAug 778 in Chassenueil, Aquitaine, France. Baptized on 15 Apr 781 inRome. Died on 20 Jun 840 in Ingelheim, Germany. Reigned in 814/840.Louis I (Holy Roman Empire), called The Pious (778-840), Holy Romanemperor (814-40), king of France (814-40), king of Germany (814-40), andking of Aquitaine (781-840). He was the son of Charlemagne, king of theFranks.

In 817 Louis made plans providing for the posthumous division of theCarolingian Empire among his three surviving sons, Lothair I, Holy Romanemperor, Louis II, king of Germany, and Charles II, Holy Roman emperor.His reign, however, was troubled by quarrels with his sons, who weredissatisfied with his arrangements for the succession. Louis wasphysically strong but was easily influenced and was unequal toadministering the large empire that he inherited from his father.

He married Judith of Bavaria. Judith of Bavaria was born in Altdorf,Bavaria. Died on 19 Apr 843 in Tours, Indre-et-Loire, Touraine, France.

They had the following children:

+30 i. Charles II the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor, King of France
+31 ii. Gilsela de Baviere

He also married Ermengarde d'Esbay in 794. Ermengarde d'Esbay, died in818.

They had the following children:

+32 i. Lothair I Holy Roman Emperor
+33 ii. Louis II King of Germany
34 iii. Pepin I

He also married.
He also had the following children:

35 i. Arnulf was born in 794.


Ludvig blev allerede i 813 faderens medkejser. Da han 814 fik meddelelsenom
faderens død, begav han sig til Aachen, hvor han lod Karl den Storesrådgivere
og tjenere udskifte med sine egne. Hans vigtigste inspirationskilde bleven
meget from mand, den hellige Benedikt fra Aniane. Mens der om faderen blev
sagt, at han prægedes af en folkelig fromhed, var Ludvig den Fromme kende-
tegnet ved en overdreven dyrkelse af præster og munke. Han fik også siden
tilnavnet "den Godmodige".

Som Kejser af Frankerriget havde han stor retfærdighedssans, men somfaderens
efterfølger var han i enhver henseende middelmådig og for svag til atbevare
riget intakt. Han var ikke interesseret i at udvide sit rige, menbestræbte
sig i stedet for på at varetage Kirkens og den kristne morals sag, hvadder
igen bevirkede, at Kirkens stilling blev styrket.

Frem for alt iværksatte Ludvig en udrensning i, hvad han anså for hoffets
letfærdige liv, og med dette formål sendte han sine søskende, fætre ogkusiner
i kloster på livstid og udskiftede de ledende embedsmænd. I 816 gav hanpave
Stefan 4. en storslået modtagelse, og kort efter kronede paven - ved enhøj-
tidelighed i domkirken i Reims - Ludvig og hans dronning til kejser ogkejser-
inde. Ludvig udstedte en række kirkelige kapitularier, der garanteredeKirken
dens jordbesiddelser og andre privilegier, samt stadfæstede Benedikt af
Nursias klosterregel som den eneste rettesnor for rigets klostre. Iegenskab
af Kirkestatens beskytter beholdt kejseren kontrol medcentraladministrationen
også i Rom.

Ludvig ville forene frankernes arvelovgivning med ideen omet enestekejserrige
ved i 817 at dele arveriget mellem sine sønner. Den ældste søn Lotharskulle
have kejsertitlen og rigets centrale områder, Pipin den vestlige del,
kongeriget Aquitanien, og den yngste søn Ludvig fik Bayern, dvs. deøstlige
områder. Delingen forudsatte at kongerne styrede deres lande som kejserens
undersåtter, med andre ord som "underherskere". Ordningen kom til at skabe
alvorlige konflikter.

Efter sin første hustrus død giftede Ludvig sig anden gang med denbayerske
prinsesse Judith, der var berømt for sin skønhed og åndfuldhed, og i 823fik
de sammen en ny arving, Karl. Hermed opstod der behov for en nyarvefordeling
for at sikre sønnen så stor en del af riget som muligt. Vedrigsforsamlingen i
Worms i 829 meddelte kejseren, at hans yngste søn Karl skulle have et
hertugdømme af den ældste søn Lothars arvedel.

Sønnerne af første ægteskab var stridslystne og gjorde oprør imod ham,hvorfor
han afstod tronen til Lothar, men da undersåtterne var utilfredse meddenne,
vendte Ludvig efter et halvt år tilbage til tronen, og Judith forlodklosteret
og fik sin frihed og indflydelse tilbage.

Hun arbejdede ihærdigt på at trænge de 3 brødre af første ægteskab ud til
fordel for sin egen søn Karl, men brødrene gjorde igen oprør 833. Ludvigtabte
efter et slag ved Colmar og afgav tronen til Lothar. Der opstod imidlertid
strid mellem Lothar og Ludvig, bl.a. på grund af Lothars nedværdigende
behandling af faderen. Lothar måtte flygte, og faderen kom igen på tronenind-
til sin død i 840.

Louis blev gift med Judith _____, of Altdorf (Bavaria) i feb. 819 i Aachen. Judith (datter af Welf I _____, of Altdorf (Alemannia) og Aigilwich _____, of Saxony) blev født cirka 800 i Altdorf, Swabia (Schweiz); døde den 19 apr. 843 i Tours, Frankish Empire (France). [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Eudes blev gift med Ingeltrud _____. Ingeltrud (datter af Leuthard I _____ of Fezensac og Rothrude _____) blev født før 810; døde efter 830. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Ane-nr.: d-note

Notater:

Charlemagne, King of Franks, Emperor of the Romans was born on 2 Apr 742in Aachen. Died in 814 in Aix-la-Chapelle. Charlemagne, in LatinCarolus Magnus (Charles the Great) (742-814), king of the Franks(768-814) and Emperor of the Romans (800-14), who led his Frankish armiesto victory over numerous other peoples and established his rule in mostof western and central Europe. He was the best-known and most influentialking in Europe in the Middle Ages.

Early Years:

Charlemagne was born probably in Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), on April 2,742, the son of the Frankish king Pepin the Short and the grandson ofCharles Martel. In 751 Pepin dethroned the last Merovingian king andassumed the royal title himself. He was crowned by Pope Stephen II in754. Besides anointing Pepin, Pope Stephen anointed both Charlemagne andhis younger brother Carloman (751-71).

Within the year Pepin invaded Italy to protect the pope against theLombards, and in 756 he again had to rush to the pope's aid. From 760 on,Pepin's main military efforts went into the conquest of Aquitaine, thelands south of the Loire River. Charlemagne accompanied his father onmost of these expeditions.

Campaigns:

When Pepin died in 768, the rule of his realms was to be shared betweenhis two sons. Charlemagne sought an alliance with the Lombards bymarrying (770) the daughter of their king, Desiderius (reigned 757-74).In 771 Carloman died suddenly. Charlemagne then seized his territories,but Carloman's heirs took refuge at the court of Desiderius. By that timeCharlemagne had repudiated his wife, and Desiderius was no longerfriendly. In 772, when Pope Adrian I appealed to Charlemagne for helpagainst Desiderius, the Frankish king invaded Italy, deposed hiserstwhile father-in-law (774), and himself assumed the royal title. Hethen journeyed to Rome and reaffirmed his father's promise to protectpapal lands. As early as 772 Charlemagne had fought onslaughts of theheathen Saxons on his lands. Buoyed by his Italian success, he now (775)embarked on a campaign to conquer and Christianize them. That campaignhad some initial success but was to drag on for 30 years, in which timehe conducted many other campaigns as well. He fought in Spain in 778; onthe return trip his rear guard, led by Roland, was ambushed, a storyimmortalized in The Song of Roland. In 788 he subjected the Bavarians tohis rule, and between 791 and 796 Charlemagne's armies conquered theempire of the Avars (corresponding roughly to modern Hungary andAustria).

Coronation:

Having thus established Frankish rule over so many other peoples,Charlemagne had in fact built an empire and become an emperor. Itremained only for him to add the title. On Christmas Day, in 800,Charlemagne knelt to pray in Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. Pope Leo IIIthen placed a crown upon his head, and the people assembled in the churchacclaimed him the great, pacific emperor of the Romans.

Charlemagne's biographer, Einhard, reported that the king was surprisedby this coronation and that had he known it was going to happen, he wouldnot have gone into the church that day. This report has led to muchspeculation by historians. Charlemagne probably desired and expected toget the imperial title and he subsequently used it. In 813 he designatedhis sole surviving son, Louis, as his successor, and personally crownedhim.

Administration:

Charlemagne established a more permanent royal capital than had any ofhis predecessors. His favorite residence from 794 on was atAix-la-Chapelle. He had a church and a palace constructed there, based inpart on architectural borrowings from Ravenna and Rome. At his court hegathered scholars from all over Europe, the most famous being the Englishcleric Alcuin of York, whom he placed in charge of the palace school.

Administration of the empire was entrusted to some 250 royaladministrators called counts. Charlemagne issued hundreds of decrees,called capitularies, dealing with a broad range of topics from judicialand military matters to monasteries, education, and the management ofroyal estates.

The empire did not expand after 800; indeed, already in the 790s theseacoasts and river valleys experienced the first, dreaded visits of theVikings. Charlemagne ordered a special watch against them in everyharbor, but with little effect. He died before their full, destructiveforce was unleashed on the empire.

Evaluation:

Charlemagne is important not only for the number of his victories and thesize of his empire, but for the special blend of tradition and innovationthat he represented. On the one hand, he was a traditional Germanicwarrior, who spent most of his adult life fighting. In the Saxoncampaigns he imposed baptism by the sword, and he retaliated againstrebels with merciless slaughter. On the other hand, he placed his immensepower and prestige at the service of Christian doctrine, the monasticlife, the teaching of Latin, the copying of books, and the rule of law.His life, held up as a model to most later kings, thus embodied thefusion of Germanic, Roman, and Christian cultures that became the basisof European civilization.

He married Desiderata in 770; annulled.

He also married Hildegarde of Lizgau in 771. Hildegarde of Lizgau wasborn in 758. Died in 783.

They had the following children:

16 i. Charles the Younger was born in 772. Died in 811.
+17 ii. Pepin King of Italy
18 iii. Adelaide was born in 772. Died in 774.
19 iv. Rotrud, died in 810.
+20 v. Louis I Holy Roman Emperor,King of France,Germany,Aquitane
21 vi. Lothar was born in 778.
+22 vii. Bertha

He also married Fastrada in 783. Fastrada, died in 794.

They had the following children:

23 i. Theodrada

He also married Liutgard.

He also married Madelgard.

He also married Gersvind.

He also married Regina.

They had the following children:

24 i. Drogo was born in 801. Died in 855.
25 ii. Hugh, died in 844.

He also married Adalind.

They had the following children:

26 i. Richbod was born in 800/805. Died in 844.
27 ii. Theodoric was born in 807.

He also married Himiltrud.

They had the following children:

28 i. Pepin the Hunchback, died in 811.


Efter faderens bestemmelse skulle Karl dele tronen med broderen Karloman,men da denne døde ung, blev Karl enehersker. Han var stor og stærk (sigesat have kunnet rette en hestesko ud med hænderne), var en dygtig rytterog svømmer og en ivrig jæger. Sagde heller ikke nej til kvinder, muntrefester og god mad og drikke. Men frem for alt var han en fremragendehærfører og administrator. Han var i besiddelse af en stærk vilje, somhan rettede mod det ene mål at skabe et stærkt og mægtigt Frankerrige.

På Pavens anmodning om hjælp mod longobarderne drog Karl i 743 med en hærover Alperne og besejrede longobarderne, tog sin tidligere svigerfar tilfange og kronede sig selv som Konge af Lombardiet. I Rom blev Karl kårettil patricier, og byen modtog ham som en redningsmand. I den gamlePeterskirkes krypt svor konge og pave hinanden evig troskab. Karl lovedeat beskytte kirkestatens territorium, og paven at være sin tro beskyttersvasal.

772 angreb han sakserne, ødelagde deres gamle helligdom "Irminsul"(verden-saltets søjle) i Westphalen og rykkede frem til Weser. 775underlagde han sig Sakserriget, som han derefter bestræbte sig på atkristne. Sakserne rejste sig bestandig til oprør. I 782 kom Widukindtilbage og førte an i en ny frihedskamp, da den frankiske hær befandt sigi øst for at underkue den slaviske sorber-stamme. Karl fremskyndedekrigen, besejrede saksernes armé endnu engang, og han tog en frygtelighævn: på en eneste dag henrettede han 4500 oprørske saksere. I defølgende år gentog sakserne deres forsøg med frisernes hjælp, menfrankerne var langt de stærkeste. I 785 bøjede også Widukin sig og bad omfred. I julen sluttede han sig under Karls overhøjhed - og lod sig døbe.Efter nye oprør underlagde Karl sig 804 hele saksernes rige. Kortforinden var det lykkedes Karl også at undertvinge Bayern, der blev enfrankisk provins.

Avarerne var Karls sidste farlige fjender. De boede ved Tisza-flodensbredder i det nuværende ungarn, hvorfra de havde hersket over mangeslaviske og germanske stammer. De havde samlet store rigdomme. 1788stormede de vestpå, men blev standset ved Donau. Karl besluttede ateliminere den avariske trussel, og i 791 rykkede hans hær ind i deresland, dog uden at opnå afgørende resultat. Fire år senere fornyedesangrebet med en større styrke og med hjælp fra slaviske stammer.Avarernes vognfæstning blev stormet og erobret, og deres enorme skatteblev som krigsbytte ført til Frankerriget. Avarernes tid var forbi, meenKarls rige ekspanderede helt til Pannonien og Kroatien. Frankerriget varnu en stormagt.

Karl havde på forskellig vis skaffet sig herredømmet over størstedelen afdet tidligere romerske kejserrige, og i virkeligheden herskede han som enkejser i og med, at han sad inde med den højeste verdslige magt i sitrige. Ydermere styrede han Kirken i sin egenskab af pavens beskytter.Karl nærede dog ikke noget ønske om at blive Roms kejser, da kejseren afByzans havde en hævdvunden ret til den romerske kejsertitel, og den villeKarl ikke anfægte. Skæbnen ville imidlertid, ar Karl skulle blive kejserimod sin vilje.

Pave Leo 3.'s livsførelse gav anledning til et oprør mod ham i Rom 799.Han flygtede og søgte beskyttelse hos Karl. Karl bragte paven tilbage tilRom og ved hjælp af Karl tog paven påny magten kort før jul år 800. DaKarl siden deltog i julemessen i Peterskirken, overrumplede paven ham,ved at sætte kronen på hans hoved, mens koret sang og folket deltog ikejserhyldningen og ønskede Karl fremgang som "Guds udkårne store ogfredbringende kejser af Rom".

Han blev kanoniseret 1165.

At han var en stor/høj mand sås, da man i 1800-tallet i Aachen åbnedehans relikvieskrin. En måling viste, at han havde været 192 cm. høj.

Kilde: Politikens verdenshistorie, ved Erling Bjøl, bind 8, "Europasfødsel".

Charlemagne blev gift med Hildegard _____, of Linzgau cirka 771 i Aachen. Hildegard (datter af Gottfred _____, of Condé og Imma _____, of Deutschland) blev født cirka 758; døde den 30 apr. 783 i Diedenhofen, Austrasia, (France). [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Welf blev gift med Aigilwich _____, of Saxony. Aigilwich blev født før 780; døde efter 825. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Leuthard blev gift med Rothrude _____. Rothrude blev født før 790; døde i UNKNOWN. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Notater:

Pepin the Short, King of the Franks was born in 714. Died on 24 Sep 768.

Pepin the Short (circa 714-68), mayor of the palace of Austrasia and kingof the Franks (751-68), the son of the Frankish ruler Charles Martel, andthe grandson of Pepin of Herstal. He was mayor of the palace during thereign of Childeric III (reigned about 743-52), the last of theMerovingian dynasty.

In 751, Pepin deposed Childeric and thus became the first king of theCarolingian dynasty. He was crowned by Pope Stephen II (III) in 754.When the pope was threatened by the Lombards of northern Italy, Pepin ledan army that defeated them (754-55). He ceded to the pope territory thatincluded Ravenna and other cities. This grant, called the Donation ofPepin, laid the foundation for the Papal States.

Pepin enlarged his own kingdom by capturing Aquitaine, or Aquitania, insouthwestern France. He was succeeded by his sons Carloman (751-71) andCharlemagne as joint kings. He married Bertrada II de Laon, she died in783.

Pepin blev gift med Bertrade de Jongere _____, of Laon. Bertrade (datter af Caribert _____, of Laon) blev født i 719 i Laon, Neustria, Frankish Empire (France); døde den 12 jun. 783 i Quierzy, Neustria, Frankish (France). [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Gottfred blev gift med Imma _____, of Deutschland. Imma blev født før 740; døde i 798. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Isenbrand blev gift med Irmentrude _____, of Swabia. Irmentrude (datter af Gérold _____, of Kraichgau og Hemma _____, of Alemannia) blev født før 760; døde i UNKNOWN. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Gerhard blev gift med Rothrude _____. Rothrude blev født i 760; døde i UNKNOWN. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]